My Ideal Veterinary University Essay -- Expository Definition Essays

The Ideal University What makes an ideal university? An ideal university is one which is student focus oned and centered on the needs of individual students. Having lectures and classes, which exceed 35 students, makes it impossible to obtain the best education possible. A university which is dedicated to making sure every student understands and learns at his or her possess pace is one which is most effective. My ideal university is one which only accepts those students whom are veterinary majors. I have named my ideal university Jobs University. Jobs University would be one which will focus strictly on veterinary medicine and will work towards producing successful veterinarians. Those students who are majoring in veterinary medicine, like me, would benefit to the highest degree by be my ideal university, Jobs University. This university would be one which resembles the Waldorf system schooling which has forged a unique blend of progressive and traditional teach ing methods that seem to achieve signal results - intellectual, social, and even moral (Oppenheimer 71). The effectiveness of the style of teaching and its effects on the students learning would be only part of the benefits of this university. Among basic academic subjects, the focus of cultivation is math and sciences, subjects that are needed to become successful veterinarians. David Alsop, chairman of Association of Waldorf Schools of North America, calls these types of institutions the worlds best-kept education secret because of their effectiveness in providing the best learning pass and environment (Oppenheimer 71). In order for a student to obtain the best education possible, one needs ind... ...ember, 1996. (7411) 5. Expanded academician ASAP. 1 December 2002. Keyword animal(prenominal) Science. http//web3.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/>. Oppenheimer, Todd. Schooling the Imagination. The Atlantic Monthly, September,1999. (2842) 71. Expanded Academic ASAP. 1 December 2002. Keyword Waldorf Schooling. <http//web3.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark>. Veterinary School Joins New Trend in Surgery Courses. The New York Times, July 1,1991. (140B4) 4. Expanded Academic ASAP. 1 December 2002. Keyword Veterinary Schooling. <http//web3.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark>. Whittaker, Martin. College Heeds the Call of the Wild. Times Educational Supplement, October 27, 2000. (440A36) 1. Expanded Academic ASAP. 1 December 2002. Keyword Veterinary Schools. <http//web3.infotract.galegroup.com/itw/infomark>.

Islam :: essays research papers

The Diffusion of the Islam in North Africa/Southwest Asia     The North Africa/Southwest Asia realm has cattle ranch itself from the Atlantic shores of Morocco to the mountains of Afghanistan. Sometimes this disunite of the world is referred to as the Arab world. This realm is one the richest in the world of historical and cultural point of view. It has been the origin of three of four worships Christianity, Islam and Judaism. The Islam is the major religion in the "Arab World", but along with it Christianity and Judaism take an important place. It is also a region of intense conflict basically on religious and cultural issues.     The Islam started to spread out more than thousand years ago, A.D. 613, with the work of Muhammad the Prophet. This man began to receive messages from Allah and soon he started preaching among his people. The Islam could be interpreted as an improvement or revision of the Christianity and Judaism. In some way Islam brought to the Muslim world not only uniting religion but also a young set of values, understandings, a whole new way of life.     After the death of Muhammad the Prophet the Islam continued to spread. The Arab armies were attacking, invading and conquering different parts of three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa. They converted to their religion wheresoever they went. About A.D. 700 the Islam reached North Africa and most of Southeast Asia. Centuries later it came to Southern and Eastern Europe, West and East Africa, South Asia and it reached even China about A.D. 1000.      This spreading religion is a perfect example of diffusion processes, particularly spatial diffusion. The first center was at Medina in Arabia, but it was moved to Damascus and finally to Baghdad. The Islam was carried by any man of this religion, no matter if he was a child, soldier, teacher or even the sultan. Not only the Islam fit in the definition. Any new form in the fashion, in the music or in our culture that takes place in our live is a form of spatial diffusion.     Almost every place, every city and nomadic community in the Arab world was touched by the expansion diffusion formed by the local nearness, which is referred by scientists as a contagious diffusion. High ranked people like sultans and kings also spread the Islam, which is hierarchical diffusion and this is only one of the various forms of hierarchical diffusion.

Bears :: Animals Wildlife Nature Essays

Bears If you talk to the animals, they will talk to you, and you will enjoy each other. If you do not talk to them, you will not know them, and what you do not know you will fear. What single fears, one destroys. This was said by Chief Dan George and is common with many wild animals here in brotherhood America one animal in particular, the bear. There are three contrasting types of bears in North America br testify (or grizzly), polar, and black. The most common in the Northern Virginia area are black bears (Palmer & Lickley, 2001). Though the Native Americans respected and even revered bears, they became a symbol of danger, aggression, violence, and fear for the white man as he moved onto Native American lands. Today, people fear bears because of stories theyve heard about bangs, movies theyve watched, or various personal reasons, but here is a divers(prenominal) story. Bear attacks are very rare. Over the past one hundred years, fewer than fifty peop le have died from grizzly bear attacks, and only one hundred and fifty such attacks have been reported as serious (Animal Planet, 2004). Bears do not attack just because they are bears and its their nature in fact, they are not naturally aggressive. Past and current events have affected bears and the way people view them, but bears are not vicious creatures that attack at will. Encounters with bears do not have to be horrible there are steps a person can take to ensure their own safety and the safety of the bear. First, why do bears attack? Bears are animals and act instinctively in order to survive. They are omnivores, so they eat both amount and plants, such as berry or flowered plants, rodents, and fish. Bears are social, predictable (if you understand them), curious about their environment, and they dont have an agenda. They live in a dominance hierarchy and they are not territorial, but they will defend their personal space (Emerald Air Service, 2004). Every bear va ries and has a different comfort zone. Some bears, usually younger ones, will approach objects they are curious about within two inches, while other bears dont get within two miles of something new.

What The United States Can Learn From Japan :: essays research papers

What The United States Can Learn From japanjapan and the four-spot Little Dragons in order to achieve theirindustrialization goals encounter a diverse set of policies ranging from limitedentitlement programs to a education and government bureaucracy that stressesachievement and meritocracy. But one of the most significant conceptions of lacquer and the Four Little Dragons is there industrial policy which targetsimproving specific sectors of the economy by focusing R&D, subsidies, and taxincentives to specific industries that the government wants to promote. TheUnited States could see some of these industrial policies to help fosteremerging tall tech businesses and help lively U.S. business remain competitivewith East Asia.In Japan the government both during the Meiji period and the post WorldWar II period follow up oned a policy of active, sector selective industrial targeting.Japan utilise basically the same model during both historical periods. The Japanesegovernment would focus its tax incentive programs, subsidies, and R&D on what itsaw as emerging industries. During the Meiji period Japan focused its attentionon emulating western technology such as trains, steel production, and textiles.The Meiji leaders took taxes levied on agriculture to ancestry the development ofthese new industries. Following World War II Japanese industries used this samestrategic industrial policy to develop the high-tech, steel, and car industriesthat Japan is known for today. Some American industries are currently heavilysupported by the government through subsidies and tax breaks to farmers, steelproducers, and other industries that have been impairment by foreign competitionbecause they are predominantly low-tech industries. But this economic policy ofthe U.S. is almost a complete reversal of the economic policies of Japan and theFour Little Tigers instead of fostering new businesses and high tech industryit supports out of date and low tech firms who have political c lout. Theexisting economic policy of the United States fails to help high tech businessesdevelop a competitive advantage on the world market instead it stagnatesinnovation by providing incentives primarily to existing business. The structureof U.S. industrial policy like the structure of an advance welfare state hasemphasized rewarding powerful lobbying groups and has not targeted emergingsectors of the economy. The current U.S. industrial policy is a distributionstrategy and not a development strategy.Instead of this ad-hoc industrial policy the United States should followJapans model of strategic targeting of emerging technology. The U.S. instead ofpouring its money into subsidies and tax breaks for failing low-tech industriesshould provide loans, subsidies and R&D money for firms that are producing hightechnology products. Unfortunately, there are several impediments to copying

Women and Advertisements Essay examples -- Beauty Media Essays Adverti

Women and Advertisements The average American is exposed to hundreds of advertisements per day. Advertisements targeted toward females suffer an enormous effect on womens thoughts, attitudes, perceptions, and actions. approximately of the time, women dont even up realize these advertisements be formulating self-image issues. These ideals surround them daily and they become naturalized to the ads. Advertising creates an entire worldview persuading women to emulate the images they see all around them. In revision to create a market for their products, companies constantly prey upon womens self esteem, to feel like they arent good enough just the way they are. This makes women constantly feel emphasize out about their appearance (Moore). Advertising has a negative effect on womens body image, health, and self-esteem. Advertising creates a mythical dream world where in that location are no problems, everyone is beautiful, and has money to spare. Advertisements depict the way in wh ich throng think women and men are supposed to be (Cortese 52). Women are shown all these images as role models, which are unattainable. Females are not able to be happy with their bodies because everyday in the media they are told that they are not beautiful. The average American fair sex is 5 feet tall and weighs 142 pounds. When is the last time you saw a women meeting these qualifications in any advertisement? The truth is most people dont have the catching potential to be the idealized shape and size in our culture (Every). Women are doomed from the beginning. The media favors one womens body type the tall redheaded with perfect, tan skin and long, beautiful hair. Because the images of women in advertisements are unattainable, it keeps them purchasing new products in their quest to be like the models they see (Moore). The actual women in these advertisements cant even match up to the image of themselves in real life. They are almost computer-generated women like in the movi e Simone. Indeed, with the technology we have now, advertisers can transform a product into perfection, at the same time, misleading the consumer into seeing it as real, and thus permanently providing impossible standards (Ingham). More and more women are becoming dissatisfy with themselves trying to be this fantasy person created by the men in our society. This distorted view of reality, portrayed by advertisemen... ...m, corporations will do anything to make a buck, including forcing women and girls to suffer health problems, low self-esteem, depression, and the adoption of subservient roles in society. Socialism would lay the basis for womens liberation. Advertising would no longer suffocate and distort womens instinct of self-worth. A society based on equality and mutual respect would finally eliminate the second-class status women have held for thousands of years (Moore). If a women cant be happy with her body than she is not able to teach her children that their bodies are beautiful. Children are taught that fat is unlikable. They assume that all fat people eat all the time, are dirty, lazy, stupid, cheaters, and other negative images. Advertisers need to take into consideration the changing roles and sizes of women in society. Society is starting to accept other cultures, religions, and races, but they still dont accept people that dont have fit the normal body size. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but if advertisements helped reinforce the many different definitions of beauty it would decrease the number of women who have poor body image, low-self esteem, and health problems.

Women and Advertisements Essay examples -- Beauty Media Essays Adverti

Women and Advertisements The average American is exposed to hundreds of advertisements per day. Advertisements targeted toward females stand an enormous effect on womens thoughts, attitudes, perceptions, and actions. Most of the time, women dont flat realize these advertisements be formulating self-image issues. These ideals surround them daily and they become naturalized to the ads. Advertising make ups an entire worldview persuading women to emulate the images they see all around them. In order to create a market for their ingatherings, companies cons tantly prey upon womens self esteem, to feel like they arent good enough just the way they are. This makes women constantly feel stressed break about their appearance (Moore). Advertising has a negative effect on womens body image, health, and self-esteem. Advertising creates a mythical dream world where there are no problems, everyone is beautiful, and has money to spare. Advertisements depict the way in which people think wome n and men are supposed to be (Cortese 52). Women are shown all these images as use models, which are unattainable. Females are not able to be adroit with their bodies because everyday in the media they are told that they are not beautiful. The average American woman is 5 feet tall and weighs 142 pounds. When is the last time you saw a women meeting these qualifications in any advertisement? The truth is most people dont have the genetic emf to be the idealized shape and size in our culture (Every). Women are doomed from the beginning. The media favors one womens body type the tall blonde with perfect, tan skin and long, beautiful hair. Because the images of women in advertisements are unattainable, it keeps them purchasing new products in their quest to be like the models they see (Moore). The actual women in these advertisements cant even tick up to the image of themselves in real life. They are almost computer-generated women like in the movie Simone. Indeed, with the technol ogy we have now, advertisers can transform a product into perfection, at the same time, misleading the consumer into seeing it as real, and thus permanently providing impossible standards (Ingham). More and more women are becoming dissatisfied with themselves try to be this fantasy person created by the men in our society. This distorted view of reality, portrayed by advertisemen... ...m, corporations will do anything to make a buck, including forcing women and girls to keep up health problems, low self-esteem, depression, and the adoption of subservient roles in society. Socialism would lay the basis for womens liberation. Advertising would no longer suffocate and distort womens sense of self-worth. A society based on equality and mutual respect would finally eliminate the second-class status women have held for thousands of years (Moore). If a women cant be happy with her body than she is not able to teach her children that their bodies are beautiful. Children are taught that f at is unlikable. They assume that all fat people eat all the time, are dirty, lazy, stupid, cheaters, and other negative images. Advertisers need to take into consideration the changing roles and sizes of women in society. Society is starting to accept other cultures, religions, and races, but they still dont accept people that dont have fit the normal body size. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but if advertisements helped reinforce the many different definitions of beauty it would decrease the number of women who have miserable body image, low-self esteem, and health problems.

Causality and Timeliness Essay

Timeliness is authoritative in all aspects of life. In the army they say 10 transactions prior is on time, and macrocosm on time is juvenile, that is the standard set forth and expected to be accomplished by the arm forces. By oversleeping I non nevertheless failed to meet the standard, I excessively failed my squad and my platoon because they did not have obligation of everyone, another main standard of the army. I also took the time of my team leader, who had to sit and wait for me while everyone else did PT. Missing movement not only cost me more time in the end, it cost the only rest of the unit in one way or another. Timeliness is also the first step in a soldiers task to keep accountability at all times. Accountability is defined by Websters Dictionary as being required to explain actions or decisions to someone. Another definition is being required to be responsible for something. As soldiers, we atomic number 18 always expected to be able to explain our actions to ou r chain of command, and to take responsibility for them.Inability to do so shadow lead to loss of time and resources, adverse action, UCMJ action, or even separation from the armed forces. In a strategic environment, timeliness is important in everything we do. Everyday soldiers in the unit work in fast-paced intelligence environments and being even a few minutes late in a mission situation could cost valuable intelligence or even lives. Even routine reports must be sent out on a strict timeframe, and failure to meet that standard could cause it to lose value, or cause a setback in a mission elsewhere. creation military intelligence soldiers, we are also required to attend training whether it be language, technical, or unit trainings. Failing to report to classes on time could not only cause a soldier to miss important coursework, but could potentially dissolver in the soldier getting dropped from the class. This not only hurts the soldiers approach as an intelligence profession al, it causes degradation of the mission.Not having all the required training to accomplish the mission causes everyone around the soldier to pick up the slack. By not being able to do something as simple as 10 minutes prior, the soldier croupe potentially affect the work of an entire side full of people. Most important information pertaining to the unit is put out at morning formations, STTs, and Commanders Calls. Being late to any of these events can not only bringadverse action against a soldier for that event, it could also cause the soldier to miss pertinent information about upcoming events potentially causing more corrective training or even UCMJ action. Article 87 of the Code of Military Justice Missing Movement states any member of the armed forces who neglect or design to miss the movement of a ship, aircraft, or unit with which they are required in the course of duty to move can be punished as a court martial may direct. Untimliness is not only a detriment to the strate gic environment it can be life altering in the tactical environment.Failure to maintain proper timelines and accountability of soldiers and equipment during field exercises can result in accidents and loss of brass property. The army has another saying train how you fight, meaning to treat every exercise just as if it were a real-life combat situation so that a soldier would know exactly what they needed to do if that situation actually came to be. Inability to be on time for training events hit times, etc shows that a soldier could potentially not be reliable in a more serious situation. This causes breakdown of unit cohesiveness and esprit de corps. In a subject field of war, failure to meet a deadline or miss movement can lead to the capture of strategic assets or intelligence, giving the enemy an advantage. It could also potentially lead to injuries, fatalities, or even the capture of United States or ally service members.When a service member is deployed to a combat zone, bei ng late could not only cause the failure of the mission, it could potentially be the difference between life and death. A soldiers untimeliness may not only result in their death, but could cost the lives of others. For example, if a soldier assigned to a route clearance platoon is late for movement and causes their convoy to harry time looking for them instead of making their route before the movement of another unit, it could cost the lives of many others without them realizing. Timeliness is also important in the civilian world. In order to consistently hold down a job in the civilian sector, a person must make sure that they are on time for work or they could potentially lose their job.Being late to an interview is practically a guarantee that a person would not be hired for employment with a company, even though that person may have the skills and qualifications necessary for the position. Arriving late to medical appointments can potentially result in your appointment being c anceled, causing degradation to ones health andmissing out on treatment that could prevent something more serious in the dogged run. Timeliness shows discipline, and without discipline the armed forces would not be able to accomplish the mission. Without discipline, the entire command structure would degrade and the enemy would be given a huge advantage, causing loss of life, equipment, or strategic advantage.

How cultures use food Essay

1. Outline the way different cultures use the value sustenance?Out of the m some(prenominal) different cultures present throughout the world, all value solid food in most(prenominal) similar ways. Most similarities can be struck between the availability of foods indoors their regions, specifically enviromental and seasonal maturation in the spring period. Food has become plentiful in Western civilisations over the past few decades, , due to the advances in agriculture allowing maximum product and larger yields in the shortest amount of time (Chemgeneration 2011). This has also introduced interest into controversial genetically limited foods and the use of hybrid varieties of plants that subscribe more desirable qualities. An voice of this is Maize and certain potatoes that secrete a pesticide from the plant to ward of pests and insects, thus removing the need to use pesticides and chemicals (Chemgeneration 2011). Dr Rosalie McCauley (Development Office Department of factory farm and Food WA, p1), obtained results that genetically modified foods harbors been more increasingly utilise as the use of farmland increases exponentially at over 6% per year, projecting some 170.3 million hectargons of GM foods creation gr stimulate. In Hesperian fiat, there atomic number 18 a significant percentage of community either being overweight or obese, even Australia that has a state of approx 22 million (Australian Bureau of Statistics p1), with over 60% is considered over weight (ABS 2012, Australian Bureau of Statistics).Most overweight or obese individuals gift and carious relationship with food and it was theorised by Dr Ca part Hungerford (Good Health in 21st Century) it can be considered an addiction. There is speculation as to why Hesperian society has such an addiction foods such as bread and milk, as we are the only species that drinks milk after weaning, oddly that of a nonher animal. Clinical studies and Medical realityations released by Dr J.L . Fortuna (PUBMED, 2010, p1) found clinical similarities for binge eating to that of drug dependences seeing a similar release of serotonin as with different drug dependencies. though obesity is a prevalent condition around the world, numerous countries do not have the same obesity rates as western culture, some of this is seeming to result in the way food is perceived by other cultures. Comparatively, in some cultures around the world, it is part of their culture to abstain from food for a short period of time. A more popularly know profuseing is the Islamic undertaking of Ramadan where they fast during twenty-four hour period light hours (Huda, 2009).Though in western cultures, people have a dislike to feel hungry, and can feel like they have fasted if they miss morning tea during a busy day at work. Numerous cultures throughout history have also used food as offering to their gods or deities to pray for wellness, or future harvests rain. Egyptian Pharaohs would be entombed wi th vast pots of food and spices to be used on their journey to the heavens. Some traditional practices continue even today such as the Korean Charye used to honour families ancestors, where special foods are prepared to during the Chuesoerk Ceremonies. The Chuesoerk (Korea.net, 2010) is a three day holiday to celebrate the good harvest received during the spring of that year. These heathen and religious uses for food are worldwide, and often not too irrelevant from Christian practices of thanksgiving celebrated during the Christmas period. In conclusion, all cultures, no matter how distant or unique, have significant celebrations, events or relationships with a large role involving the use or lack of foods. The use of food to bring together communities and families is not dissimilar in almost all countries and demographics on earth however the individuals use or overuse is not always healthy.References1. The Chemical Generation 2001, Viewed 14 January 20142. The Chemical Generatio n 2001, Viewed 14 January 20143. Dr Rosalie McCauley, Department of Agriculture and Food, WA, viewed 10 January 20144. ABS (2012) Australian health survey First results, 201112. ABS cat. no. 4364.0.55.001. Canberra Australian Bureau of Statistics. Viewed 14 January 20145. Aust Government, National Health and Medical Research Council. Viewed 10 January 20146. Hungerford, Dr Carole, 2008, Good health in the 21st century, rewrite Edition, Scribe, capital of Seychelles.7. Fortuna, J. Department of Health Science, CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, viewed 10 January 20148. Huda, About.com, 2009. Viewed 15 January 20149. Korea.net, 2010, viewed 11 January 20142. What general concepts guide the present western diet?The current concepts of the western diet are based in the influence of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins and minerals (Whitney and Rolfes, 2013). Although we have come a long way with the introduction of multiculturalism some decades agone, for many western diet is still bas ed around the proteins consisting of bosoms, predominantly red meat and chicken, carbohydrates with starchy root vegetables. This is often referred to as the meat and three veg diet and the previous generations would have grown up with this as their diet staples as they where the volume of foods available for purchase or even grown themselves. With exception to the last 200 years, mankind has been involved in the seasonal use of foods and their diets where restricted by what was available at those times. Today there are vast flips in the way foods are produced to permit year round availability and the creation of food products that have previously been unavailable.Researchers at Bates Collage (Lewiston, ME, USA, 2013) believe that in the last 150 years since the invention of stones mills, the refining process of grain to create etiolated flour, is now a consistent staple within the western diet. It was noted that this is a considerable source of carbohydrates and the cultures th at had not encountered this food type previously began to evince Heart Disease, Type 2 diabetes and stroke. These are all ailments that had been previously unseen in those areas. Additionally, the belief of receiving good value for silver has become one of the most influential concepts and reasoning behind the purchase of processed food in recent times. The perception to receive the best meal, to be filling, quickly and well priced has seen the fast food chain market turn into a billion dollar industry (B.A. Swinburne, 2004).Anna Hodgekiss (U.S. daily Mail editor) explains that the over indulgence of these highly fatty foods have beenlinked to short liveliness spans and arrays of health problems. Even with the warnings and proven heath problems that arise, some families can become dependent on foods that are considered value for money. In conclusion, the general concepts to achieve the main food groups are relevant and unsounded but poorly enacted. The ease and availability of c heap fast food and highly refined products, that arrive ready to eat, are becoming preferential over the more time consuming cooking of foods from the local supermarket.References1. Whitney, E and Rolfes, S. apprehensiveness Nutrition 13th Edition, 2013, Wadsworth USA2. BATES Collage 2014, 2 Andrews Road Lewiston, ME 04240. Viewed 14 January 20143. Online book extractB.A. Swinburne, Public Health Nutrition, Chap 7, pp132 (p10). Viewed 14 January 20144. Hodgekiss, Anna, U.S. Daily Mail, viewed 14 January 20143. Discuss the comparative issues between man and nature?Nature is the world surrounding us, and it is the term we use to describe anything that happens which is out of our control. Such as inherent disasters like cyclones, floods and drought. So considering this nature can not only be seen as a friend, but also as an enemy. Man desires to control nature by synthetic, mechanic and industrial plans. Synthetic and innate medicines desire the same outcomes, of long life and good heath, but the methods to achieve it could not be any more different. Whether it is derived by numerous chemical processes or used in the original form it is found, nature made and manmade are vastly different curiously when it comes to health and ameliorate. Some cultures rely almost completely on nature to provide their basic needs such as water, food, shelter and even medicine.Though considered bland and not in line with the perfect diet (Health Schools Australia notes), the health benefits and improved health conditions areachieved without the use of synthetic medicine, where as Western Diet, requires accessary by manmade medicines. This reliance on the local flora and fauna to provide all essentials and life improving aspects is not a new belief and is understood worldwide, but has been partially replaced by Western perception of that health can only be achieved by Pharmaceutical (Crigger NJ). The perception that health and food are separate and not interrelated because man has created medicines that are divulge than those extracted from the nature like Tibetans and non western cultures. In contrast, Western society has adopted that the scientific bottom behind the synthetic production of therapeutic medicines is the only medical way to plow disease and illness.Today, it appears the practice of non synthetic medicinal applications is mostly centric to non western cultures. The Perfect Diet is deemed as a one shoe fits all remedy for the correct eating and dietary requirements for modern people. Where if we look at the diets of other cultures, such as the Hunza diet or Mediterranean Diet, where the majority of the population has a life expectancy significantly higher than that of the Western counterparts may have something to do with the foods that differ to that of the Perfect Western Diet(Diet Choices, 2014 and Trichopoula, A). One key reason is believed to be the Hunza population in the Himalayas consume more than 200% (Dainca Collins, 2011) of the B17 (also known as Amygdalan) than their western counter parts. This is likely due to the Hunza eating the seeds of all fruits, which is something that is often discarded within western society. Christina Larner (Body and Soul) has identified that Apricot seeds contain the largest concentrations of B17, and has been used a cancer treatment in modern times.However the same seeds are alleged to have caused Cyanidic acid when consumed to excessive quantities, but cases of cyanide perniciousness are rare (Christina Larner). In conclusion, man created medicines for health and longevity are proven to be available in the native world around us. Public perception provides the strongest reasons why man made pharmaceuticals are the main stream plectron for western society, where as the isolated communities use the world around them to treat their ailments.1.Whitney, E and Rolfes, S. Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition, 2013, Wadsworth USA 2.Crigger, N.J. 2009, PUBMED, US National Libra ry of Medicine, viewed 14 January 20143.Diet Choices, 2014, Diet Choices, Las Vegas NV, USA, viewed 15 January 2014 http//dietchoices.com/diet-plans/hunza-diet/4.Trichopoula, A. 2000, PUBMED, US National Library of Medicine, viewed 14 January 20145.Dainca Collins, 2011, UNDERGROUND HEALTH REPORTER, viewed 15 January 20146.Larner, Christina, Body and Soul, viewed 15 January 20144) Diversity of foods has been a benefit to the human race?Australias culinary heritage has expanded greatly over the last 100 years with numerous population demographics immigrating to Australia. We have observed cultural and culinary delights flood our markets, restaurants and kitchens with sights, smells and aromas from around the world. Many years ago these would have been deemed exotic and bizarre, but are now considered almost staple additions to the average household pantry. Fifty years ago, within our Grandmothers pantry, our available food selections were significantly limited in spices and rare/exot ic foods that are now considered normal place. Meat and three veg meals of starchy root vegetables and heavy protein meats where the staple of the diet during those times. It is argued (Potatoes SA) that these staples popularity on Australian kitchen tables where due to the European based settlers focusing on farming practices for this produce over the last 100 years.Pliner and Hoden (cit. Evaluation of food choice demeanours, p 20) stated it was more to do with the neophobic attitude towards foreign foods due to the unfamiliarity of foods that limited the adventurous mindset to the evolving culinary scene. In either case, only since cosmos War 2 did the appearance of multicultural foods and diets start to intermix. One of the most popular entries into our diets is the highly regarded Mediterranean diet consisting of uncooked fresh substantial vegetables, whole grains and some fish and seafood but minimal meat. That compared to the past diets of root based vegetables that where of ten boiled or baked, and argued to lose most of its natural vitamins and minerals during the cooking process, especially seen with water soluble vitamins ( stop Health Channel).The high use of tomatoes within the Mediterranean diet, which contain large amounts of the antioxidant lycopene and that is believed to have anti-tumour properties to relieve cancersparticularly in the prostate and multiple-myeloma (Tonia Reinhard, p44-45). Additionally, the vivacious coloured vegetables that contain high amounts of VIT A and C such as Capsicums, Spinach, green leafy vegetables. VIT A is required for vision, the immune system and as an antioxidant. Dr Carole Hungerford (Good health in 21st century, p160) identifies that night blindness is a symptom of VIT A deficiency. Even the fats used are considered healthier with the Olives and olive oil as the teaching source of fat. Tonia Reinhard states that Olive oil contains the richest source of mono unsaturated fatty acids, being 77% mono-unsatur ated and 14% saturated, this is attributed as to why it helps to prevent cardiovascular disease. In conclusion, the diversity of foods that have spread across the world is bringing the many health benefits to many. As the world continues to expand and new ideas and foods are embraced, soon the healing and healthy properties of those unique diets will improve the health and well being across the globe.1.Potatoes South Australia, 2013, Elder House, Adelaide, SA, viewed 15 January 20142.Online Thesis Roininen, Katariina, 2001, Evaluation of food choice behaviour Development and Validation of health and taste attitude scales, visited 15 January 20143.Better Health Channel, July 2013, Victorian Government, viewed 15 January 20144.Hungerford, Dr Carole, 2008, Good health in the 21st century, Revised Edition, Scribe, Victoria. 5.Reinhard, Tonia, (2010), SUPERFOODS The Healthiest Foods on the Planet, Cove Press, NSW5) The future of nutritionIn the past and even in some places still today, nutrition has not play a conscious role in conventional medicine, as the focus has and always seems to be about treating disease not the cause. Nutrition based medicine has been labelled with a filth as alternative or new age and not given the same attention as the newest drug on the market. Recently have we begun to see some changes within the health care system which offers clients anatural alternative to pharmaceuticals. This has began a movement known as Integrative Medicine (OSHER, 2012), where the arise is about taking the best from conventional and alternative medicine and combining them. This combination of practices is reinforcing the tenants of prevention rather than cure, which follows the old adage that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. We are already seeing this revolutionary ideal take off with the emergence of integrative clinics now established in some major cities, and where patients even seek further information from their GP on what addition al alternative treatments are available for their ailments (Mike Adams, 2005).This wider social consciousness towards natural alternatives is perhaps due to the increased marketing of nutritional supplements within media (Mike Adams, 2005). These messages are making people more curious about their health and what they can do to improve it. In addition, we are seeing nutritional products such as Inner Health Plus a pro-biotic supplement, is sometimes prescribed to patients following a course of antibiotics. This behaviour by GPs is demonstrating a small but important step to the medical and health organisations towards the evolution of nutritional medicine. The popularity of supplements and their publicise health benefits has propelled the sale of many nutritional products, especially Omega 3 supplements derived from fish oil or krill oil (Lisa Schofield, 2013). Omega 3 that is naturally occurring within deep ocean fish species has been proven to be beneficial for arthritis suffers, for heart health, and general wellbeing (Whitney, 2013, pg 161.).Dr Hungerford (Hungerford, 2008) tells us that until recent times, animals who do not manufacture their own omega 3 would have had to eat plants which contain omega 3s for protection against the cold and other health benefits. However, as we domesticated animals, unbroken them warm in barns, and fed them the food we grew the animals did not require as much omega 3 in order to survive. This man made change is a potential reason is why fish still remains one of the best sources of omega 3, as the majority of fish that we consume are wild. (Hungerford, 2008 pg. 6-7).In summary, the stigma of nutritional based medicine is slowly being lifted as media, mainstream medicine and health care practitioners inculcate these practices into their professions. Today, more than ever, people have access to the information and products that can be utilised to improve their health, wellbeing anddiets. As the message becomes clearer and better understood, it is likely that the stigma will be removed completely and nutritionists will be given the same renowned as the doctors and medical professionals that share the same vision for long and healthy life for all. 1.Osher Centre for Integrative Medicine, University of California, 2012, CA, USA, viewed 17 Jan 20142.Adams, Mike, 24 July 2005, Natural News, viewed 17 Jan 20143.Hungerford, Dr Carole, 2008, Good health in the 21st century, Revised Edition, Scribe, Victoria4.Schofield, Lisa, 09 Sep 2013, Nutraceuticals World, viewed 17 January 20145.Whitney, E and Rolfes, S. Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition, 2013, Wadsworth USABibliographyABS (2012) Australian health survey First results, 201112. ABS cat. no. 4364.0.55.001. Canberra Australian Bureau of Statistics. Viewed 14 January 2014Adams, Mike, 24 July 2005, Natural News, viewed 17 Jan 2014Aust Government, National Health and Medical Research Council. Viewed 10 January 2014B.A. Swinburne, Public Health Nutrition, C hap 7, pp132 (p10). Viewed 14 January 2014BATES Collage 2014, 2 Andrews Road Lewiston, ME 04240. Viewed 14 January 2014Better Health Channel, July 2013, Victorian Government, viewed 15 January 2014Collins, Dainca, 2011, UNDERGROUND HEALTH REPORTER, viewed 15 January 2014Crigger, N.J. 2009, PUBMED, US National Library of Medicine, viewed 14 January 2014 http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671650Diet Choices, 2014, Diet Choices, Las Vegas NV, USA, viewed 15 January 2014 http//dietchoices.com/diet-plans/hunza-diet/Dr Rosalie McCauley, Department of Agriculture and Food, WA, viewed 10 January 2014Fortuna, J. Department of Health Science, CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, viewed 10 January 2014Hodgekiss, Anna, U.S. Daily Mail, viewed 14 January 2014Huda, About.com, 2009. Viewed 15 January 2014Hungerford, Dr Carole, 2008, Good health in the 21st century, Revised Edition, Scribe, VictoriaKorea.net, 2010, viewed 11 January 2014http//www.korea.net/Government/Current-Affairs/Others?affairId=168La rner, Christina, Body and Soul, viewed 15 January 2014Osher Centre for Integrative Medicine, University of California, 2012, CA, USA, viewed 17 Jan 2014Potatoes South Australia, 2013, Elder House, Adelaide, SA, viewed 15 January 2014Reinhard, Tonia, (2010), SUPERFOODS The Healthiest Foods on the Planet, Cove Press, NSWRoininen, Katariina, 2001, Evaluation of food choice behaviour Development and Validation of health and taste attitude scales, visited 15 January 2014Schofield, Lisa, 09 Sep 2013, Nutraceuticals World, viewed 17 January 2014The Chemical Generation 2001, Viewed 14 January 2014The Chemical Generation 2001, Viewed 14 January 2014Trichopoula, A. 2000, PUBMED, US National Library of Medicine, viewed 14 January 2014Whitney, E and Rolfes, S. Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition, 2013, Wadsworth USA

Famine in Africa

Help All You Want Imagine a sm all told African family in Zimbabwe, a small childs unbending about and father work the fields but collectible to further hunger ar in addition weak to even stand up, let alone go out into the fields and work. This has started an entire chain reaction in the community. Since the childs m separate and father cannot go out into the field and harvest intellectual nourishment, an new(prenominal) family goes hungry, and then another and another, continuing on a path spiraling downwards.Now imagine this homogeneous family, but a stable government has been established in Zimbabwe, the childs mother and father argon both well fed because the provender distribution organizations are well funded, your parents go out into the fields and harvest the crops, creating another chain reaction but with a positive spiral. This is an example of how food distribution plays a study role on shortage and also how stable governments affect the food distribution in Afr ica.Most studies on the deficit epizootic throughout Africa state that HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome plays a major role in famine this can be attributed to lack of health care in the continent which can be established if governments were established. Stable governments may also play a role in fighting rebel or terrorist alike(p) groups that steal food from the pile and commit mass genocide. Stable governments also may modulate food distribution to families in need and also regulate the amount of food that is distributed, making the portions fair, depending on the size of the family.Some people believe that by just scarcely throwing money into the economy of Africa or by simply supplying food to the people of Africa leave turn it all nearly. Although this may help, it will not completely fix the problem. This is due to the fact that the money will run out and the food will be used up in a matter of time. The familiar culprits of drought and mismanagement of nationa l strategies are implicated however, this crisis is distinct from conventional drought induced food shortages with respect to those vulnerable to starvation, and the course of impoverishment and recovery.It is proposed that these new aspects to the food crisis can be attributed by and large to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the character. This information is provided to us in the article, New Variant shortfall AIDS and Food Crisis in Southern Africa by Alex De Waal and Alan Whiteside. Millions Facing Drought and Famine throughout Africa by Barry Mason, reports that aid agencies show that many areas in Africa are currently facing drought and threat of famine (Mason 1).In East Africa, some 11 million people are suffering a drought that is the worst in a decade and will pie-eyed that food aid is urgently needed over the next six months. The countries affected stretch from the Horn of Africa throughout Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique (Mason 1). This article is an example of those people in th e military man that believe that this is the main point fixing the famine pandemic. Famine Mortality A Case Study of Darfur, Sudan, by Alex De Waal presents the results and analysis of a resume of mortality undertaken in the villages of the Darfur Region of Sudan in 1986.It illustrates a number of important aspects of famine mortality, and provides the only basis on which to estimate famine mortality for this region (De Waal 1). In 1983, the harvest failed in Northern Darfur, and in 1984, it failed in both northern and southern Darfur. drop of pasture also led to the deaths of about fractional the livestock in the region (De Waal 1). Healthcare in Africa plays a major role in the famine epidemic sweeping through break aparts of the continent. Lack of a stable government can be blamed on lack of healthcare.Healthcare plays such a major role in the famine epidemic, due to the fact that research has proven that HIV/AIDS weakens and kills the farmers that would plant, take care of, and harvest the crops that would provide food to the communities. According to some reports, the African famine is a clear example of the impact of HIV/AIDS. The loss of life and health care costs are traditionally associated with the disease. More than 14 million people are now at risk of starvation in many countries throughout the continent.All of these predominantly agricultural societies are battling serious AIDS epidemics, with more than 5 million adults currently living with HIV/AIDS in these countries. Out of a total adult population of some 26 million, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a huge contributor. Malaria and other diseases that can be vaccinated against are also not taken care of and play a major role in famine, this is because of the absence of hospitals or doctors. No other infectious disease, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, inflicts a more devastating economic toll, retention whole populations trapped in poverty.This healthcare problem could be taken care of if ther e were a government present, but since there is no government, or the government is not very stable, the pandemics continue and the people of Africa continue to get sick and die, unable to product food, the famine epidemic just gets worse. In other areas, not just that of the healthcare issue, is a contributing factor in the famine epidemic. News reports on the continent of Africa also state that there are many rebel groups in certain areas that are killing the people in some regions and also taking what little food the people have.Spreading dread throughout the people causes them to work less, or in some cases not at all. The mass genocide of the workers is also contributing to the lack of food in the most hard hit areas. With a more stable government, these groups could be weakened if not destroyed altogether, reassuring the work force and also creating a rise in the size of the workforce. This is the reason a more stable government plays a more pivotal role in famine. In unholy Policy, Not Nature, by Ann Gibbons, only one region of the world still suffers from widespread famine.This region is Africa. Why is that?. After all, many poor countries including India and China, have staved clear up famine in recent decades, even though starvation was common there earlier in the century (Gibbons 1). The conventional wisdom holds that the answer is a combination of droughts, deforestation, and war. The drought part of this theory is what I am sure first comes to mind with all of us, its Africa. The deforestation part of this theory is caused by the ever growing population and need for more land to create cities.Last on the list of three in this theory is war (Gibbons 1). War is part of the popular opinion that there is a need for a stable government in Africa the wars in Africa are not amidst countries but between rebels fighting for control of some areas. These rebel groups exist because either the government in the area is too weak, or there is no government i n place in that area (Gibbons 1). Many governments that have tried to rise up from the ground on their own have just been destroyed and run over by the rebel groups.Without outside help from surrounding countries in Africa, which is not likely considering they have their own problem to deal with, or help from other countries across the world, for example the United States, these small governments trying to get on their feet will just continue to be overrun and destroyed, further devastating the topical anesthetic communities and worsening the famine epidemic. Just another reason stable government is badly needed throughout Africa. On top of the healthcare and rebel groups, possibly the highest contributing factor in the famine epidemic going on in Africa is food distribution.Since food distribution is the highest contributing factor in the famine epidemic, the government has a huge role in this area. A stable government would be, and is absolutely crucial to the controlled distri bution of food to the people. Not only could a stable government control the amount of food distributed, but it could also make wise decisions on the amount of food given to each family, depending on size and need of food by those people. Food distribution impacts the African societies immediately, but without the proper funding necessary to keep the distribution programs running, it is just a lost cause.By establishing stable governments, the distribution programs would have break off funding and be able to continue the surges of food into the communities. there are many theories and opinions floating around out there on how famine in Africa can be reduced. Many studies show that a very vital factor in cut back the famine in Africa start with a stable government, one that can establish a working healthcare system that will lessen the outlet HIV/AIDS has in the communities.Governments that can halt the rebel groups and make the people feel safe to go into the fields. Finally, a government that can set up well funded food distribution with equal distribution of food, just to give the communities of Africa that jump start they need to get back on the regenerate path. These are but a few of the reasons that famine in Africa can be reduced, starting with the establishment of more stable governments throughout the continent.According to the article, Famine in Africa Causes, Responses and Prevention by David Colman, most famines in the last 25 years have been in Africa. Most people in the world, therefore, confine attention all to it, with a particular emphasis on Ethiopia and Sudan. The article by Colman sets out to increase understanding of famine, provide extensive empirical evidence on all aspects of causes of famine, household responses to it, market behavior in times of famine, and policy initiatives, and to assess famine prevention policies and their performance in the real world.In the article Famine in Africa Causes, Responses, and Prevention by Joach im Von von Braun, Tesfaye Teklu, and Patrick Webb, it is explained that famine in Africa makes an important contribution to a better understanding of the causes of hunger in developing societies, while also providing the most thorough assessment to date through a synthesis of empirical research of policies implemented to prevent and mitigate famine in poor countries (Von Braun 1). On the basis of findings from six African countries in particular, the authors argue against single-cause explanations f famine, this including the opinion of some that an unstable government is the cause of the famine (Von Braun 1). There are many different opinions and theories in which people believe that famine in Africa can be reduced, many of which include, in some way or another, the fact that government is needed I those areas. Most of those theories or studies on the famine epidemic throughout Africa also state that HIV/AIDS plays a major role in famine. These theories all agree with each other wh ile at the same time disagree with each other, so you could arrange they agree to disagree.However, they are all theories on how to help the people of Africa and stop the famine pandemic from spreading. The main opinion of most people throughout the world on the subject of reducing the famine pandemic in Africa is that stable government is needed. Stable government would provide better food distribution to the people, better healthcare, and would provide safety to the people by protecting them from the rebels of the areas and also the surrounding areas.These ways all combined from the theory that stable government is needed, as believed by many people, which is how famine in Africa can be reduced. Works Cited Colman, David. Famine in Africa Causes, Responses and Prevention. faculty member try Premier. EBSCO, 1 Feb 2000, Web. 7 Oct. 2012. De Waal, Alex, and Alan Whiteside. New Variant Famine AIDS and Food Crisis in Southern Africa. faculty member Search Premier. EBSCO, 11 Oct 2 003, Web. 8 Oct. 2012. De Waal, Alex. Famine Mortality A Case Study of Darfur, Sudan. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO, Mar. 1989. Web. 10 Oct. 012. Dibie Roberty. Famine Crimes Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO, 12 Nov. 1998. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. Gibbons, Ann. Famine Blame Policy, Not Nature. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO, 8 Nov. 1991. Web. 8 Oct. 2012. Mason, Barry. Millions Facing Drought and Famine throughout Africa. World Socialist Web Site. 23 Feb. 2006. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. Von Braun, Joachim, Tesfaye Teklu, and Patrick Webb. Famine in Africa Causes, Responses, and Prevention. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO, 1 Dec. 1999. Web. 8 Oct. 2012.

Personal Philosophy Essay

Educational philosophy is sometimes referred to as the immediate objectives of education. Immediate objectives on the other hand are purposes which a rout at a given time must aim to achieve through the courses of study or the curriculum. Its aims constitute a very important aspect of the total education. They are more specific and they can be accomplished in a shorter limit of time, maybe a day or a week. These, too, are considered goals of specialization. This study aims to develop an educational philosophy and relate its important to ones schoolroom inform.Role of the teacher. The life of the teacher everywhere is full of responsibility. The teacher should recognize that the welfare and interest of the minor is the principal objective of his profession. The school is for the children and the teachers first thought should be for them. At least during the time the pupils are in the school the teacher stands for the parents. The teacher should guard the health, moral, and well-b eing of the pupils with intelligent care.He should also be alert to discover physical defects of his pupils, and prompt to inform and interest the parents so that relief may be offered. Curriculum. Through the years, schools have interpreted on many new subjects without dropping old subjects. Schools must relinquish subjects that can be learned readily outside the school system and should be child-friendly and child-centered school. It should provide a variety of programs to meet the special interests and talents of the students.The Child. The child is the center of the matter. The teacher must know the nature of the child to be motivated, directed, guided, and evaluated. To understand the child, the teacher must know him as a biological organism with needs, abilities, and goals. He must know the social and psychological environment of the child and the cultural forces of which the child is a part. The behavior of the child at any given moment is the result of biological environment factors operating simultaneously.The child behaves as he does because he is a human being being with needs and motives, and because he is surrounded by environmental and cultural forces which determine his behavior, these needs and motives shall be met. Methods of Education. The literature on the subject of teaching generally makes no distinction between method of teaching and technique of teaching. Writing on educational theory and practice has presented different classroom procedures as methods of teaching/education or techniques of teaching. These two terms have different meanings and values, but both are integrated in any teaching and learning situation.The method of education covers the psychological processes involved in learning, and the technique of teaching covers the use of devices and the application of principles in teaching in order to impression the proper development of the individual student. In addition, method relates to the learning performance rather than to t he teaching performances, and method of education involves steps to guide the mental processes (Demiashkevich 43-48). Aims of Education. The philosophic aims of education require all public and private schools in this country to pursue, in the development of every child, regardless of color, creed, or social status.All educational institutions shall aim to inculcate love of country, teach the duties of citizenship, and develop moral character, personal discipline, and scientific, technological, and vocational efficiency. The study of the Constitution shall be part of the curricula in all schools (Peterson, pp. 64-69). The land shall provide citizenship and vocational training to adult citizens and out-of-school youth, and create and maintain scholarship for poor and deserving students.Moreover, philosophy of education is one of the major kingdom bases of education as field of profession hence, focused study of such agent is essential. The case study involves the subjects of phil osophical perspective of education linked with the condition of determining the future trends of the system. Utilizing five aspects of contributing factors, such as standards of teaching, bilingual education, cultural diversities, special education and the public policies, we shall determine the possible implications of such factors in professional philosophy of education.As a conclusion, as for the philosophy of education, and the continuity of learning and the aspects of continuous teaching without regards to any exceptions as incurred by the society, divine law, and human rights. Every minority with no considerations to race, gender, and possibly realistic health conditions should be deprived with education. The philosophy of education involves the general principle of conducting education as a means of providing universal treatment for the development implicated in a universal perspective.Furthermore, the philosophy of education, on the perspective of professionalism, involves t hat the educator must also be under the said umbrella of development and continuous learning despite of the governed tasks of teaching.Reference Demiashkevich, Michael (2003). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Pp. 43- 48American Book. New York. Peterson, Michael L. (2000). Philosophy of Education Issues and Options. Pp. 64-69, InterVarsity Press. Downers Grove, IL.

Do Women Lust

Do Wo men Lust? I think that all women lust because every female has a hormone that comes forbidden when they see a hot guy. They begin to start thinking about the guy and what he looks like with his clothes off. Some women even go as far as telling their friend thats around them what they would do to the dude. Most people dont really realize or board when a lady lust after something. Most females dont show there expressions on their face but on the inside her encephalon is running wild about the person whether its a male or another female.Most women wont typically show that their lusting like men try to do. Sometimes the ladies eyes can tell you if they might be lusting or see a man that has caught their eye and they will probably chink them until they leave their sight. Women thoughts are just like men because they have their thoughts and ideas of how they can please the guy. Women know exactly how to contort on a man. They know how to turn them on by manipulating this hardwir ed quirk that absolves them of the need to actually know anything about a woman.This means that the women start acting sexy but acting outback(a) at the same time. They do things that they know will make the man want to see what they really can do once they are adequate to(p) to take the womans clothes. The women know what they be doing when the start teasing the guy by slowly taking off her clothes and a sexy dance with it. The women know most of the times that they dont really want to have sex with the man so she will play with his emotions until she gets weary of doing that or until she take it too far and wants to have sex for real with him.

Appropriate Classroom Behavior Essay

Behavior is a choice, and a teachers role is to aid students when learning to make good choices. conflicting behaviour is not acceptable. It should be followed by negative consequences and therefore be discouraged. When the teacher responds to different behaviors, either positive, or negative, it teaches the student something.School is a repose where students are given the opportunity to learn and receive an education as well as socialize. Part of the learning process is interaction, however, it should only occur when the term is suitable. Being in the classroom should be considered a privilege. That privilege should only be given if a students behavior does not substitute with the ability of the teacher to teach effectively or the ability of other students to participate in classroom learning activities.Consequences should be given to individual students who get hold of to interrupt the teachers lesson or distract others. A whole class should not be punished but should be aware of how that behavior was not right.The behavior that took place last Friday was not acceptable and should not be tolerated.

The Political Economy of International Trade

The g everywherenmental Economy of inter study consider Chapter Outline OPENING CASE why Are Global nutrient Prices Soaring? INTRODUCTION INSTRUMENTS OF TRADE POLICY Tariffs Subsides solid ground Focus Subsidized Wheat Production in lacquer deduction Quotas and Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Administrative Polices Antidumping Policies Management Focus U. S. magnesium Seeks Protection THE CASE FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION Political Arguments for Intervention Country Focus Trade in Hormone-Treated Beef stinting Arguments for Intervention THE REVISED CASE FOR FREE TRADERetaliation and Trade War Domestic political science learning OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM From Smith to the Great Depression 1947-1979 GATT, Trade Liberalization, and Economic Growth 1980-1993 Protectionist Trends The Uruguay Round and the demesne Trade Organization WTO come to Date The Future of the WTO Unresolved Issues and the detonator of Qatar Round Country Focus Estimating the Gai ns from Trade for America FOCUS ON MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Trade Barriers and Firm scheme Policy Implications SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION hesitancyS CLOSING CASE Agricultural SubsidiesLearning Objectives 1. Describe the indemnity instruments engagementd by g everyplacenments to influence externalistic constrictive over flows. 2. Understand why governments sometimes intervene in international slyness. 3. Articulate the considerations against strategic trading insurance policy. 4. Describe the teaching of the foundation trading carcass and the current cover wind issues. 5. Explain the implications for managers of developments in the world trading establishment. Chapter Summary This chapter begins with a handling of the six main instruments of trade policy, including tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, intended exporting estraints, local center requirements, and administrative policies. This section is followed by a discussion of the merits of governme nt intervention into international trade. The author grants a balanced view of this surd issue. The second half of the chapter focuses on the development of the global trading system. A historical context is provided, along with a view of the global trading system as it exists today. The author acquaints the reader with the general organization on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and the World Trade Organization. Opening Case Why Are Global intellectual nourishment Prices Soaring?Summary The opening case examines why global food prices be rising pregnantly. For more than two decades, improvements in agricultural productivity and end product have contributed to lower food prices, but in 2007, the price of wheat was double its price of just a few months earlier, and the price of corn had locomote some 60 percent. Two explanations for the phenomenon be increase strike, and the effect of tariffs and subsidies for bio-fuels. give-and-take of the case atomic number 50 revolve aroun d the following questions call into question 1 Food prices have risen dramatically since 2007.Reflect on the reasons for the price increase, and discuss the implications of higher(prenominal) prices for consumers in developed and developing countries. fargon 1 For decades, consumers have enjoyed the benefits of increased productivity and output in the global food industry. In 2007, however, everything changed. The price of wheat concerned its highest point ever, and the price of corn rose 60 percent over its 2006 price. Two factors contributed to this fact. The first was the increased demand for food from china and India. The second factor involved tariffs and subsidies for bio-fuels.Farmers in the European wedding and in the United States ar currently the recipients of subsidies for the deed of crops used in bio-fuels. As a provide, land that might be used for wricking food is being converted to bio-fuel crops, force up prices on food. plot of land some experts believe that sugar cane whitethorn be a better product for bio-fuel production than corn, tariffs on merchandise sugar cane utilely are keeping the crop out of the market. While all consumers are feeling the pain of higher food prices, the blank space is especially dire for consumers in poor countries where calorie intake could be reduced by as much as -8 percent by 2020.QUESTION 2 How has demand for bio-fuels affected the price of food? What are the implications of this trend? Reflect on the eccentric of government in pushing prices up. What role do tariffs and subsidies toy in the situation? In your opinion, should the governments of the United States and the European Federal bear any responsibility for bringing food prices back down? ANSWER 2 In an effort to slow global warming, both the European Union and the United States have adopted policies designed to increase the production of fermentation alcohol and bio-diesel.The policies involve providing subsidies to farmers. The net effect of the subsidies is to encourage farmers to produce less food, and more crops that can be used in bio-fuel production. The situation is exacerbated by high tariffs on alternative products that can be used for bio-fuel production particularly sugar cane. Most students will recognize that the combined effect of the subsidies and tariffs are creating a unmanageable situation for consumers, while at the same time protecting producers. Some students may note the irony of the situation.Consumers, hit by higher prices at the kernel are putting more pressure on companies to develop cheaper and more environmentally friendly sources of energy, but in doing so are actually bestow to higher prices at the grocery store. Some students may wonder whether it makes more sense to consider non-food related sources of energy. Honda Motors is currently developing a car that runs on statement Tip To expand this discussion, consider http//www. personal credit lineweek. com/bwdaily/dnflash/ na tional/may2008/db20080513_317940. htm? chan= essay, http//www. usinessweek. com/globalbiz/content/may2008/gb20080520_439607. htm? chan=search, and http//www. fearweek. com/magazine/content/08_19/b4083026413508. htm? chan=search. Video Note There are two iGlobes directly related to this case. The first is Supply, Price of Food Increase Hardship for Worlds Poor, and the second is Agricultural Problems Lead to Farmer Suicides in India. Chapter Outline with Lecture Notes, Video Notes, and belief Tips INTRODUCTION A) This chapter explores the political reality of international trade.Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to restrict what its citizens can buy from an otherwise(a) surface area or what they can sell to another country. While many nations are nominally act to bring out trade, they tend to intervene in international trade to protect the interests of politically substantial groups. B) The major(ip) objective of this chapter is to describe h ow political realities have shaped, and address to shape, the international trading system. INSTRUMENTS OF TRADE POLICY A) In this section, the text reviews seven main instruments of trade policy.These are tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, antidumping policies and administrative policies. Tariffs B) A tariff is a tax levied on imports (or exports) that effectively raises the cost of trade (or exported) products relative to domestic products. Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported, while ad valorem tariffs are levied as a proportion of the value of the imported good. The historic thing to understand round a tariff is who suffers and who gains. The government gains, because the tariff ncreases government revenues. Domestic producers gain, because the tariff affords them some protection against contrasted competitors by increase the cost of imported foreign goods. Consumers lose since they must buckle under more for certain imports. C) Thus, tariffs are unambiguously pro-producer and anti-consumer, and tariffs reduce the overall efficiency of the world economy. Subsidies D) A subsidy is a government payment to a domestic producer. By lowering costs, subsidies help domestic producers in two ways they help producers debate against low-cost foreign imports and they help producers gain export markets.However, many subsidies are not that successful at increasing the international competitiveness of domestic producers. Moreover, consumers typically absorb the costs of subsidies. Country Focus Subsidized Wheat Production in Japan Summary This distinction explores the subsidies Japan continues to pay its wheat farmers. Tens of thousands of Japanese farmers continue to grow wheat despite the fact that the wheat grown in North America, Argentina, and Australia is far cheaper and of superior quality. The Japanese farmers stay in business thanks to the hefty subsidies pa id by the Japanese government.As a result, wheat prices in Japan are substantially higher than they would be if a free market were allowed to operate. Suggested Discussion Questions 1. Who are the winners and who are the losers from Japanese wheat subsidies? Discussion Points Students will credibly recognize that, as is usually the case with protectionist measures, the subsidies Japan pays its wheat farmers benefit the farmers, but cost the average consumer in the form of higher wheat prices. In fact, in 2004, Japanese consumers covered $700 million in subsidiesThe subsidies withal limit imports of wheat, which negatively affects foreign wheat farmers. 2. Why does Japan continue to subsidize its wheat farmers when cheaper wheat is readily available in international markets? Discussion Points Thanks to subsidies, wheat prices in Japan are between 80 and 120 percent higher than they are in world markets. In fact, if the subsidies were eliminated, Japanese wheat production would cease entirely. However, at least for now, because politicians count on the votes of the wheat farmers, thither appears to be no plan to end the subsidies.Teaching Tip To extend this discussion, consider discussing Japans role in the production of rice. For more on this, go to http//www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/may2008/gb20080522_132137. htm? chan=search, and http//www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/may2008/gb20080522_132137_page_2. htm. importing Quotas and Voluntary Export Restraints E) An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country. A tariff rate quota is a hybrid of a quota and a tariff where a lower tariff is applied to imports within the quota than to those over the quota.A voluntary export restraint is a quota on trade chew the fatd by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing countrys government. F) While import quotas and voluntary export restraints benefit domestic producers by limiting import competition, they raise the prices of imported goods. The extra profit that producers make when supply is unnaturally limited by an import quota is referred to as a quota rent. Local Content Requirements G) A local content requirement demands that some special fraction of a good be produced domestically.As with import quotas, local content requirements benefit domestic producers, but consumer face higher prices. Administrative Policies H) Administrative trade polices are bureaucratic looms that are designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country. The effect of these polices is to hurt consumers by denying access to possibly superior foreign products. Antidumping Policies I) dump is variously defined as selling goods in a foreign market below their costs of production, or as selling goods in a foreign market at below their clean-living market value.Dumping is viewed as a method by which firms unload excess production in foreign markets. Alternatively, some dumping may be the result of predatory behavior, with producers using substantial profits from their home markets to subsidize prices in a foreign market with a view to driving indigenous competitors out of that market. Once this has been achieved the predatory firm can raise prices and earn substantial profits. J) Antidumping polices (also known as countervailing duties) are policies designed to punish foreign firms that engage in dumping. The ultimate objective is to protect domestic producers from unfair foreign competition.Management Focus U. S. atomic number 12 Seeks Protection Summary This feature article explores the dumping charged levied by U. S. Magnesium against Chinese and Russian producers. According to U. S. Magnesium, the sole American producer of magnesium, Russian and Chinese producers were selling magnesium significantly below market value in an effort to drive U. S. Magnesium out of business. The company failed a complaint with the International Trade Commis sion (ITC) which ultimately ruled in favor of U. S. Magnesium. Suggested Discussion Questions 1. What is dumping? Were Chinese and Russian producers guilty of dumping? How did U.S. Magnesium justify its claims against Russian and Chinese producers? Discussion Points Dumping is defined as selling goods in a foreign market below the cost of production, or below fair market value. In 2004, U. S. Magnesium claimed that China and Russia had been dumping magnesium in the United States. The company noted that in 2002 and 2003, magnesium imports rose, and prices fell. While the ITC ruled in favor of the American company, some students might question whether the fact that the Chinese could sell their product at low prices might simply reflect the countrys significantly lower wage rates. . What does the ITCs reigning mean for American consumers of magnesium? In your opinion, was the ruling fair? Discussion Points The ITC ruled in favor of U. S. Magnesium finding that indeed China and Russia had been dumping their product in the United States. Fines ranging from 50 to 140 percent on imports were imposed against China, and 19 to 22 percent on Russian companies. Most students will note that while the ITCs decision is a good one for U. S. Magnesium and its employees. for consumers, the ruling means magnesium prices that are significantly higher than those in world markets.Students will probably argue that this result is unfair, and should be revisited. Teaching Tip U. S. Magnesiums web site is available at http//www. usmagnesium. com/. THE CASE FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION A) In general, there are two types of arguments for government intervention, political and economic. Political arguments for intervention are colligateed with protecting the interests of certain groups within a nation (normally producers), often at the expense of other groups (normally consumers).Economic arguments for intervention are typically anxietyed with boosting the overall wealth of a nation (to the benefit of all, both producers and consumers). Political Arguments for Intervention B) Political arguments for government intervention cover a range of issues including protecting jobs, protecting industries deemed important for national security system, retaliating against unfair foreign competition, protecting consumers from dangerous products, furthering the goals of foreign policy, and protecting the kind-hearted rights of individuals in exporting countries. take for Jobs and Industries C) The virtually common political reason for trade restrictions is protecting jobs and industries. Usually this results from political pressures by unions or industries that are threatened by more expeditious foreign producers, and have more political clout than the consumers who will eventually pay the costs. National Security D) Protecting industries because they are important for national security is another argument for trade restrictions. The U. S. overnment protects industries li ke steel, aerospace, and electronics, on the basis of this argument, and has made special arrangements to protect the semiconductor industry. Lecture Note In the United States, the role of Export Administration enhances the nations security and its economic prosperity by controlling exports for national security, foreign security, foreign policy, and short supply reasons. To learn more, go to http//www. bis. doc. gov/about/index. htm, suction stop on Policies and Regulations and then on Export Administration Regulations. .Retaliation E) Government intervention in trade can be used as part of a get tough policy to open foreign markets. By fetching, or threatening to take, specific actions, other countries may remove trade barriers. But when threatened governments do not back down, tensions can escalate and new trade barriers may be enacted. Lecture Note The trading kindred between China and the United States is an ongoing topic of discussion for many. To expand the discussion on the role of government and retaliatory trade measures, consider http//www. businessweek. om/globalbiz/content/may2008/gb20080528_845850. htm? chan=search Protecting Consumers F) Consumer protection can also be an argument for restricting imports. The Country Focus below kindles that the European Unions concern over beef was, in part, due to an interest in protecting consumers. Since different countries do have different health and safety standards, what may be acceptable in one country may be unacceptable in others. Furthering Foreign Policy Objectives G) On occasion, governments will use trade policy to support their foreign policy objectives.One aspect of this is to grant preferential trade terms to countries that a government wants to build unvoiced relations with. Trade policy has also been used several times as an instrument for pressuring punishing rogue states that do not abide by international laws or norms. In recent years the United States has imposed trade restrictions against Libya, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Cuba, and other countries where governments were pursuing policies that were not viewed favorably by the U. S. government.A serious riddle with using trade as an instrument of foreign policy is that other countries can undermine any unilateral trade sanctions. The U. S. Congress has passed two acts, the Helms-Burton sham and the DAmato Act, in an effort to protect American companies from such(prenominal) actions. Protecting Human Rights H) Concern over human rights in other countries plays an important role in foreign policy. Governments sometimes use trade policy to improve the human rights policies of trading partners. Governments also use trade policies to put pressure on governments to make other changes.Unless a large number of countries choose to take such action, however, it is unlikely to prove successful. Some critics have argued that the best way to change the internal human rights of a country is to engage it in international trad e. The decision to grant China most favored nation status was base on this philosophy. Country Focus Trade in Hormone-Treated Beef Summary This feature describes the trade battle between the United States and the European Union over beef from cattle that have been given growth hormones.It outlines the basic issues that led to the dispute, and shows how the World Trade Organization has treated the case. Suggested Discussion Questions 1. Why is the European Union so concerned about beef from cattle that have been given growth hormones? Discussion Points Some students may argue that the European Unions ban on growth hormones in cattle was little more than a thinly veiled form of protectionism. Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, which also use the hormones in their cattle industry, were also affected by the ban.The European Union claimed that it was merely protecting the health of its citizens, however studies showed that the hormones posed no health issues for people. 2. Why did the WTO rule against the European Union? Discussion Points The World Trade Organization ruled against the European Union stating that the European Unions ban on imported hormone treated beef had no scientific justification. Even so, the European Union refused to lift the ban, which had strong public support, and in the end, the European Union was assessed correctional tariffs.The European Union held on to its principles though, and as of 2008, continued to maintain its restrictions on hormone treated beef despite the resulting punitive tariffs. Teaching Tip The WTO maintains a site for students. Go to www. wto. org and click on the students icon to search the site, research countries, and even see a list of internships that are available at the WTO. Economic Arguments for Intervention I) Economic arguments for intervention include the infant industry argument and strategic trade policy. The Infant Industry ArgumentJ) The infant industry argument signifys that an industry should be pro tected until it can develop and be viable and competitive internationally. Unless an industry is allowed to develop and achieve minimal economies of scale, foreign competitors may cut prices and prevent a domestic industry from developing. The infant industry argument has been accepted as a justification for temporary trade restrictions under the WTO. K) A problem with the infant industry argument is determining when an industry grows up. Some industries that are just plain inefficient and uncompetitive have argued they are mollify infants after 50 years.The other problem is that given the existence of global capital markets, if the country has the potential to develop a viable competitive target its firms should be capable of raising the necessary funds without additional support from the government. Strategic Trade Policy L) Strategic trade policy suggests that in cases where there may be important first mover advantages, governments can help firms from their countries attain t hese advantages. Strategic trade policy also suggests that governments can help firms suppress barriers to entry into industries where foreign firms have an initial advantage.THE REVISED CASE FOR FREE TRADE A) While strategic trade policy identifies conditions where restrictions on trade may provide economic benefits, there are two problems that may make restrictions inappropriate retaliation and politics. Retaliation and Trade War B) Krugman argues that strategic trade policies aimed at establishing domestic firms in a dominant position in a global industry are beggar-thy-neighbor policies that boost national income at the expense of other countries. A country that attempts to use such policies will probably provoke retaliation. Domestic PoliticsC) Governments do not always act in the national interest when they intervene in the economy. Instead special interest groups may influence governments. Thus, a further reason for not embracing strategic trade policy, according to Krugman, is that such a policy is almost certain to be captured by special interest groups within an economy, who will distort it to their own ends. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL TRADING SYSTEM A) Many governments recognize the value of unrestricted free trade, but are hesitant to unilaterally lower their trade barriers in case other countries do not follow suit.Since World War II, and international trading frame course has evolved that enables governments to negotiate a set of rules to govern cross-border trade and lower trade barriers. For the first 50 years, the framework was known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). More recently, it has been known as the World Trade Organization (WTO). From Smith to the Great Depression B) Up until the Great Depression of the 1930s, most countries had some degree of protectionism. Great Britain, as a major trading nation, was one of the strongest supporters of free trade.C) Although the world was already in a depression, in 1930 the Unite d States enacted the Smoot-Hawley Act, which created significant import tariffs on foreign goods. As other nations took similar steps and the depression deepened, world trade fell further. 1947-1979 GATT, Trade Liberalization, and Economic Growth D) After WWII, the U. S. and other nations realized the value of freer trade, and established the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). E) The approach of GATT (a multilateral agreement to liberalize trade) was to gradually eliminate barriers to trade.Over 100 countries became members of GATT, and worked together to further liberalize trade. Teaching Tip A full review of GATT, containing an actual copy of the agreement, is available at http//www. ciesin. org/TG/PI/TRADE/gatt. html. 1980-1993 Protectionist Trends F) During the 1980s and early 1990s the world trading system as managed by GATT came under strain. First, Japans economic strength and huge trade surplus stressed what had been more follow trading patterns, and Japans perc eived protectionist (neo-mercantilist) policies created intense political pressures in other countries.Second, persistent trade deficits by the United States, the worlds largest economy, caused significant economic problems for some industries and political problems for the government. Third, many countries found that although limited by GATT from utilizing tariffs, there were many other more subtle forms of intervention that had the same effects and did not technically violate GATT (e. g. VERs). The Uruguay Round and the World Trade Organization G) Against the background of rising protectionist pressures, in 1986 GATT members embarked on their eighth round of negotiations to reduce tariffs (called the Uruguay Round).This was the most ambitious round to date. Services and Intellectual Property H) One goal was to expand beyond the regulation of manufactured goods and address trade issues related to function and intellectual position, and agriculture. The World Trade Organization Le cture Note To see current issues at the WTO, go to http//www. wto. org/ and click on News. I) When the WTO was established, its creators hoped the WTOs enforcement mechanisms would make it a more effective policeman of the global trade rules than the GATT had been.The WTO encompassed GATT along with two sister organizations, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). WTO Experience to Date J) At the time of its establishment, the great hope was that the WTO might emerge as an effective advocate and facilitator of future trade deals, particularly in such areas as services. In general, the experience so far has been advance. WTO as Global Police K) So far, the WTOs policing and enforcement mechanisms are having a positive effect.In general, countries have adopted WTO recommendations for trade disputes. Expanding Trade Agreements L) In 1997, 68 countries that account for more than 90 percent of world telecommunications revenues pledged to open their markets to foreign competition and to abide by common rules for fair competition in telecommunications. Similarly, 102 countries pledged to open to varying degrees their banking, securities, and amends sectors to foreign competition. Like the telecommunications deal, the agreement covers not just cross-border trade, but also foreign direct investment.The WTO in Seattle A Watershed? M) The 1999 meeting of the WTO in Seattle was important not hardly for what happened between the member countries, but also for what occurred outside the building. Inside, members failed to agree on how to work toward the reduction of barriers to cross-border trade in agricultural products and cross-border trade and investment in services. Outside, the WTO became a magnet for various groups protesting free trade. The Future Unresolved Issues and the Doha Round N) Substantial work still remains to be done on the international trade front.Four issue s on the current agenda of the WTO are the rise of anti-dumping policies, the high level of protectionism in agriculture, the lack of strong protection for intellectual property rights in many nations, and continued high tariffs on nonagricultural goods and services in many nations. Lecture Note The European Unions trade commissioner is urging nations to complete Doha round negotiations prior to the beginning of a new administration in the United States. Further inside information can be found at http//www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/jan2008/gb20080128_519854. htm? chan=search.Anti-Dumping Actions O) There has been a proliferation of antidumping actions in recent years, perhaps because of the rather vague definition of what constitutes dumping. The WTO is encouraging members to strengthen the regulations governing the imposition of antidumping duties. Protectionism in Agriculture P) The WTO is concerned with the high level of tariffs and subsidies in the agricultural sector of many economies. However, the advanced countries of the world defend the current system because they want to protect their producers from lower-cost producers from developing nations.Protecting Intellectual Property Q) The agreement to protect intellectual property (TRIPS) obliges WTO members to grant and enforce patents dogged at least 20 years and copyrights lasting 50 years. The basis for this agreement was a strong belief among signatory nations that the protection of intellectual property rights is an essential element of the international trading system. Market Access for Nonagricultural Goods and Services R) The WTO would like to bring down tariff rates on nonagricultural goods and services, and reduce the desktop for the selective use of high tariff rates.The hope is that at some point, rates would move to zero. Country Focus Estimating the Gains from Trade for America Summary This feature explores the results of a study by the Institute for International Economics. The study, which estimated the gains to the U. S. economy from free trade, found that the United States GDP was more than 7 percent higher as a result of reductions in trade barriers than it would have been if the barriers remained. The study also estimated that if tariffs were reduced to zero, significant gains would still result. Suggested Discussion Questions 1.What does the Institute for International Economics suggest about the benefits of free trade? Discussion Points The Institute for International Economics found that thanks to reductions in trade restrictions, the United States GDP was up. The Institute also estimated that even greater gains in the countrys GDP would occur if protectionism was eliminated all together. Students should recognize that these findings follow the principles of Adam Smith and David Ricardo and suggest that free trade is beneficial. 2. According to the Institute for International Economics study, a move oward free trade would cause disruption in emplo yment. Is it still worth pursuing free trade if it means that some people lose their jobs? Discussion Points This question should prompt a strong debate among students. Some students will probably suggest that the costs in terms of lost wages and benefits associated with free trade outweigh the benefits that would be gained. Other students however, will probably argue that since protectionism typically benefits only a few at the expense of others, while free trade generates greater economic growth and higher wages, a free trade policy should be followed.Teaching Tip The Web site for Institute for International Economics is available at http//www. iie. com/. A New Round of Talks Doha R) In late 2001, the WTO launched a new round of talks at Doha, Qatar. The agenda includes cutting tariffs on industrial goods and services, phasing out subsidies to agricultural producers, reducing barriers to cross-border investment, and limiting the use of anti-dumping laws. FOCUS ON MANAGERIAL IMPLIC ATIONS A) What does all of this mean for business?Managers need to consider how trade barriers impact firm strategy, and what role they can play in promoting free trade or trade barriers. Trade Barriers and Firm Strategy B) Trade barriers are a constraint upon a firms ability to disperse its productive activities. First, trade barriers raise the cost of exporting products to a country. Second, voluntary export restraints (VERs) may limit a firms ability to serve a country from locations outside that country. Third, to conform to local content requirements, a firm may have to locate more production activities in a given market than it would otherwise. All f the supra effects are likely to raise the firms costs above the level that could be achieved in a world without trade barriers. In addition, the threat of antidumping action could limit the ability of a firm to use battleful pricing as a way to gain market share. Policy Implications C) In general, international firms have an fil lip to lobby for free trade, and keep protectionist pressures from causing them to have to change strategies. While there may be short-term benefits to having governmental protection in some situations, in the long run these can backfire and other governments can retaliate.Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions 1. Do you think the U. S. government should consider human rights when granting preferential trading rights to countries? What are the arguments for and against taking such a position? resultant China is frequently cited as a violator of human rights, and can form the basis for a discussion of this question. While the answer to the first question clearly is a matter of personal opinion, in stating their opinions, students should consider the following points.Trade with the U. S. is very important to China, as China views the U. S. as an important market. The U. S. is also an important source of certain products. Thus, the U. S. has some leverage with trade when trying to influence Chinas human rights policies. For this policy to have much effect, however, other nations important to China must adopt similar policies. Otherwise China will simply choose to work with other countries, and U. S. consumers and producers may be more negatively impact than the Chinese.Another concern with tying MFN status to human rights is that denying MFN may make the human rights situation worse rather than better. By engaging in trade, the income levels in China will increase, and with greater wealth the people will be able to demand and receive better treatment. 2. Whose interests should be the paramount concern of government trade policy the interests of producers (businesses and their employees) or those of consumers? Answer The long run interests of consumers should be the primary concern of governments.Unfortunately consumers, each of whom may be negatively impacted by only a few dollars, are less motivated and effective lobbyists than a few producers that have a great deal at stake. While in some instances it could be argued that domestic consumers will be better make if world-class domestic producers are nurtured and allowed to gain first mover advantages in international markets, it is doubtful that the government will be better than international capital markets at picking winners, and will more likely pick the firms with the greatest political clout.While employees may well lose jobs if there are more efficient foreign competitors, some would argue that this is just the nature of competition, and that the role of government should be to help these employees get jobs where they can be efficiently use rather than to protect them from reality in inefficient firms. 3. Given the arguments relating to the new trade theory and strategic trade policy, what kind of trade policy should business be pressuring government to adopt?Answer According to the textbook, businesses should urge governments to target technologies that may be important in t he future and use subsidies to support development work aimed at commercializing those technologies. Government should provide export subsidies until the domestic firms have established first mover advantages in the world market. Government support may also be justified if it can help domestic firms overcome the first-mover advantages enjoyed by foreign competitors and emerge as viable competitors in the world market. In this case, a combination of home market protection and export-promoting subsidies may be called for. . You are an employee of an U. S. firm that produces personal computers in Thailand and then exports them to the U. S. and other countries for sale. The personal computers were before produced in Thailand to take advantage of relatively low labor costs and a skilled workforce. Other possible locations considered at that time were Malaysia and Hong Kong. The U. S. government decides to impose punitive 100 percent ad valorem tariffs on imports of computers from Thaila nd to punish the country for administrative trade barriers that restrict U. S. exports to Thailand. How should your firm respond?What does this tell you about the use of targeted trade barriers? Answer As long as the manufacturing requirements havent changed significantly, looking at Malaysia or Hong Kong again for production would appear obvious. By the U. S. government introducing a specific ad valorem tariff on Thai computer imports, it would be easy to get around these by looking at other locations. Hence such targeted trade barriers can often be easily circumvented without having to locate production facilities in an expensive country like the U. S. 5. Reread the Management Focus feature on U.S. Magnesium Seeks Protection. Who gains most from the anti-dumping duties levied by the United States on imports of magnesium from China and Russia? Who are the losers? Are these duties in the best national interests of the United States? Answer Most students will probably recognize that U. S. producers and their employees are the primary beneficiaries of the anti-dumping duties levied by the United States on Chinese and Russian magnesium imports. As a result of the duties, consumers in the United States will pay higher prices for magnesium-based products.Some students may suggest that by imposing the duties, the United States runs the risk of retaliatory measures from both China and Russia. Closing Case Agricultural Subsidies Summary The closing case examines the effects of subsidies paid to U. S. cotton plant farmers. The United States currently pays about $5 billion to cotton farmers for a crop that is worth just $4 billion. The lower prices resulting from the subsides and the excess production they encourage, have had particularly devastating effects on cotton farmers in poor countries.Some estimates show, for example, that the subsidies and excess production in the United States has cost the African country of Benin more economically than it receives in aid fr om the United States. Discussion of this case can revolve around the following questions QUESTION 1 Why do you think that the U. S. government pays subsidies to farmers? ANSWER 1 The United States ab initio began paying subsidies to farmers in the middle of the Great Depression. Many students will probably suggest that the subsidies are still being paid simply because they have been in place for so long.Other students however, may note the power of agricultural lobbyists and the fact that without the subsidies, U. S. farmers could not compete in world markets. This suggests that the government has some incentive to continue with its current policies. QUESTION 2 What is the impact of farm subsidies on the price of agricultural products in the United States, and on prices elsewhere? ANSWER 2 The subsidies paid to U. S. farmers currently run around $29 billion annually. They encourage farmers to produce more products than are needed, and in doing so depress global prices. cotton subs idies for example, pushed the price of cotton to just $0. 5 in 2006, about half the 1995 price. For farmers in poor countries, the drop in prices has pushed income levels down over 20 percent. QUESTION 3 Who benefits from U. S. farm subsidies, who are the losers? ANSWER 3 Most students will recognize that the primary beneficiaries of the subsidies are farmers. As a result of the subsidies, consumers must pay more, and producers in other countries are faced with falling prices, and ultimately lower incomes. QUESTION 4 What would happen if the United States (and other countries) stopped paying subsidies to farmers to grow certain crops? Who would benefit, who would lose?ANSWER 4 If the United States stopped paying subsidies to farmers, consumers would initially see prices fall. Later however, as some farmers, without the support of the subsidies, went out of business, consumers would probably see prices rise to some degree as supply and demand moved together. Producers in other countr ies like Benin would benefit from increased demand and higher prices. Video Note The iGlobe Agricultural Problems Lead to Farmer Suicides in India explores the effects of cotton subsidies on farmers in India. The iGlobe is a good complement to the Closing Case. continual Case ConceptAs automakers establish production operations in multiple countries around the world, and rely on suppliers from numerous countries, the question of tariffs and quotas becomes more important. In this chapters Continuous Case Concept, explore what happens if a country places a tariff or other trade barrier on imported cars. shoot students to consider, for example, how consumers would react if the U. S. charged a tariff on every car that is imported from Japan. What would be the likely reaction of Japanese automakers? What would American producers do? Next, have students to consider whether such as tariff is fair. Who really pays the tariff? Who benefits from the tariff? Who would benefit from free tr ade in automobiles and car parts? Finally, explore how efforts by both the United States and the European Union to increase the production of ethanol and bio-diesel (see Opening Case) could impact the auto industry. Honda is currently a market leader in the hybrid vehicle market, but is hampered by the lack of infrastructure to fully support the industry. In 2008, Toyota established a goal to sell 500,000 hybrid vehicles. This consummation works well after the notion of trade barriers has been introduced.It can also be used in a summary discussion of the chapters framework or in conjunction with the Opening Case. globalEDGE Exercises Use the globalEDGE Resource Desk http//globalEDGE. msu. edu/ResourceDesk/ to complete the following exercises. Exercise 1 Your company is considering exporting its pharmaceutical products to Japan, but commissions current knowledge of the countrys trade policies and barriers for this sector is limited. Conduct the appropriate level of research in a trade barriers database to let out any information on Japans current standards and technical requirements for pharmaceutical products.Prepare an executive summary of your findings. Answer The quickest way to reach this information would be to search globalEDGE using the enounce trade barriers database at http//globaledge. msu. edu/ResourceDesk/. Once at the Market Access Database website, select Trade Barriers Database. On the search option Select Country, choose Japan, and on the search option Select Sector, choose Pharmaceuticals. A series of reports are listed from which those with more general titles will provide adequate insight for the exercise.Search Phrase Trade Barriers Database Resource find out Market Access Database Website http//mkaccdb. eu. int/ globalEDGE Category Research Multi-Country Exercise 2 You work for a national chain of clothing stores that is considering importing textiles from India into the U. S. You want to determine whether the goods are subject to import quotas. Using information provided by the U. S. Customs and Border Protections, throw a report highlighting the elements that determine whether a shipment is subject to this type of trade restriction.Answer The U. S. Customs and Border Protections website hosted by the U. S. government offers significant information on the details of importing or exporting into or out of the U. S. The information for the exercise can be reached by searching for the phrase U. S. Customs and Border Protections at http//globaledge. msu. edu/ResourceDesk/. This resource can also be found under the globalEDGE category Research Government Resources. Once on the website, click on Trade and select Textiles and Quotas under Trade Program Areas. The report, Are my Goods Subject to Quotas? , is readily available. Search Phrase U. S. Customs and Border Protections Resource Name United States U. S. Customs and Border Protections Website http//www. cbp. gov/ globalEDGE Category Research Government Reso urces Additional Readings and Sources of Information Economists Rethink Free Trade http//www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/08_06/b4070032762393. htm? chan=search brazil nut Urges EU to Scrap Biofuel Tariffs http//www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/jul2007/gb2007076_483689. htm? chan=search